What Does Citizen Science Cost?

Because of the contributions of volunteers and the ideals often associated with citizen science, such as advancing the common good, citizen science may be perceived as a cost-effective approach to research. In citizen science projects, members of the public contribute their time and expertise to different stages of the research process, often without financial compensation. At the same time, researchers gain access to larger datasets and a wider geographical reach than would otherwise be possible. But what kinds of costs and benefits are actually involved in citizen science? 

Although citizen science carries the promise of more democratic science and equal opportunities to participate in the production of scientific knowledge, these goals do not automatically become reality in practice (see, for example, Lewenstein, 2022). Supporting public participation in the research process also requires resources. A project may involve recruiting and training participants, coordinating activities, communicating with volunteers, and organizing events. If data are collected, additional effort may be needed to ensure their quality. All of these elements should be carefully planned and integrated into the research project from the outset. 

What Do Citizens Gain? 

Citizen science may raise the question of whether citizens’ contributions are being used simply as a source of free labour. Is it ethically justifiable to ask participants to contribute to research without financial compensation? On the other hand, participation is voluntary, and participants may gain other benefits from their involvement, such as new knowledge and skills, as well as opportunities to contribute to issues that matter to them. 

It is also clear that professional researchers alone could not collect datasets as extensive as those made possible through citizen participation. Examples include biodiversity monitoring initiatives such as iNaturalist Finland, Punkkilive and Migration Birds Spring. Thanks to data collected and analysed by citizens, our knowledge of the environment and its condition is considerably more comprehensive. Without the contribution of citizen scientists, Finland would also face challenges in meeting its reporting obligations to the European Union regarding biodiversity conservation (see Citizen science plays a crucial role in research).

Researchers have a responsibility to ensure that the contributions of citizen scientists are valued, that their role is clearly acknowledged, and that the benefits of research are accessible to participants whenever possible. The importance of benefits, feedback, and recognition is also reflected in the Ten Principles of Citizen Science published by the European Citizen Science Association.

Can Everyone Afford to Participate?